{"id":9293,"date":"2026-02-16T23:59:49","date_gmt":"2026-02-16T23:59:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/?p=9293"},"modified":"2026-02-16T23:59:49","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T23:59:49","slug":"%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%83-abs-%d9%88%d8%ae%d8%b4%d8%a8-mdf-%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/abs-plastic-vs-mdf-wood-material-choices-for-box-speakers\/","title":{"rendered":"ABS\u5851\u6599\u4e0eMDF\u6728\u6750\uff1a\u7bb1\u5f0f\u626c\u58f0\u5668\u7684\u6750\u6599\u9009\u62e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u5f15\u8a00\uff1a\u58f0\u97f3\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/3.5inch-full-range-speaker-4ohm-20w.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 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\/>\n\u6309\u4f53\u79ef\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0cABS\u5929\u7136\u6bd4MDF\u66f4\u786c\u4e14\u66f4\u8f7b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u963b\u5c3c\u7cfb\u6570\u663e\u8457\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u8584\u58c1ABS\u7bb1\u4f53\u6bd4\u9002\u5f53\u652f\u6491\u7684MDF\u7bb1\u4f53\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u5171\u632f\u3002\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9ad8\u54c1\u8d28ABS\u97f3\u7bb1\u91c7\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u5185\u90e8\u52a0\u5f3a\u7b4b\u548c\u6321\u677f\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u521a\u6027\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u6dfb\u52a0\u7ea6\u675f\u5c42\u963b\u5c3c\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u5408\u6750\u6599\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u3002\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f97\u5f53\u7684ABS\u7bb1\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u5e72\u51c0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8f83\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5bf8\u4e2d\u3002\u5176\u5f3a\u5ea6\u5141\u8bb8\u521b\u5efa\u590d\u6742\u3001\u5f2f\u66f2\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728MDF\u4e2d\u96be\u4ee5\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u51cf\u8f7b\u5185\u90e8\u9a7b\u6ce2\u5e76\u521b\u9020\u7f8e\u89c2\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5236\u9020\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u8003\u91cf\uff1a<\/strong><br \/>\n\u8fd9\u662fABS\u7684\u95ea\u5149\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u6ce8\u5851\u6210\u578b\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u5927\u6279\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\u5177\u6709\u96c6\u6210\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u590d\u6742\u7bb1\u4f53\u3002\u5b83\u5f02\u5e38\u575a\u56fa\uff0c\u8010\u51f9\u75d5\u3001\u5212\u75d5\u548c\u6e7f\u6c14\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u4fbf\u643a\u5f0f\u97f3\u7bb1\u3001\u6237\u5916\u578b\u53f7\u6216\u7528\u4e8e\u4e25\u82db\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8f66\u95e8\u5185\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4f4e\u91cd\u91cf\u662f\u7269\u6d41\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8fd0\u8f93\u6210\u672c\u5e76\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4fbf\u643a\u6027\u3002\u4ece\u73af\u5883\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0cABS\u6e90\u81ea\u77f3\u6cb9\u4e14\u53ef\u56de\u6536\uff08\u6811\u8102\u8bc6\u522b\u78017\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7ed3\u675f\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba8\u8bba\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u8fdb\u5c55\u5305\u62ec\u4f7f\u7528\u56de\u6536ABS\u548c\u751f\u7269\u57fa\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u97f3\u7bb1\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002\u9970\u9762\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6a21\u5185\u7740\u8272\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u8010\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6728\u8d34\u9762\u7684\u6e29\u6696\u6df1\u9083\u7f8e\u611f\u3002.<\/p>\n<h2>\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u5206\u6790<\/h2>\n<p>MDF\u548cABS\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5e76\u975e\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ef\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u3002\u4e0b\u8868\u57fa\u4e8e\u884c\u4e1a\u6807\u51c6\u6307\u6807\u548c2024\u5e74\u6750\u6599\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5206\u89e3\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u5dee\u5f02\u3002.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u7279\u6027<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>MDF\uff0818\u6beb\u7c73\u6807\u51c6\u7b49\u7ea7\uff09<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>ABS\u5851\u6599\uff08\u6ce8\u5851\u6210\u578b\uff09<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u58f0\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u5bc6\u5ea6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">~45-50\u78c5\/\u7acb\u65b9\u82f1\u5c3a\uff08720-800\u5343\u514b\/\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">~38\u78c5\/\u7acb\u65b9\u82f1\u5c3a\uff08610\u5343\u514b\/\u7acb\u65b9\u7c73\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">MDF\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u60ef\u6027\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u7bb1\u4f53\u632f\u52a8\u3002.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u58f0\u5b66\u963b\u5c3c\uff08\u635f\u8017\u56e0\u5b50\uff09<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u9ad8\uff08~0.01-0.02\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u4f4e\uff08~0.001-0.005\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">MDF\u81ea\u7136\u5438\u6536\u632f\u52a8\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u5171\u632f\u3002ABS\u9700\u8981\u989d\u5916\u963b\u5c3c\u3002.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u6768\u6c0f\u6a21\u91cf\uff08\u521a\u5ea6\uff09<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">~3-4 GPa<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">~2.0-2.5 GPa<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">MDF\u5728\u677f\u6750\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0b\u66f4\u786c\uff0c\u4f46\u5e26\u52a0\u5f3a\u7b4b\u7684\u6a21\u5851ABS\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u5c40\u90e8\u521a\u5ea6\u3002.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u9632\u6f6e\u6027<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u975e\u5e38\u5dee\uff08\u81a8\u80c0\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">ABS\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6d74\u5ba4\u3001\u6237\u5916\uff1bMDF\u9700\u8981\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5bc6\u5c01\/\u6c14\u5019\u63a7\u5236\u3002.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u6297\u51b2\u51fb\u6027<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u5dee\uff08\u51f9\u75d5\u3001\u788e\u88c2\uff09.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>ABS\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u8dcc\u843d\u548c\u78b0\u649e\uff1bMDF\u6613\u635f\u574f\u3002<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u91cd\u91cf\uff081\u7acb\u65b9\u82f1\u5c3a\u7bb1\u4f53\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">~10-12\u78c5\uff084.5-5.5\u5343\u514b\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">~4-6\u78c5\uff081.8-2.7\u5343\u514b\uff09.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u4fbf\u643a\u6027\u3001\u8fd0\u8f93\u6210\u672c\u548c\u58c1\u6302\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u51cf\u6750\u5236\u9020\uff08\u5207\u5272\u3001\u94e3\u524a\uff09.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>| \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 (\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a ~310\u00b0\u0645) | \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a ~450\u00b0\u0645) | \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. |<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u4f4e\u81f3\u4e2d\u7b49<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u589e\u6750\u5236\u9020\uff08\u6ce8\u5851\u6210\u578b\uff09.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>MDF\u5141\u8bb8\u539f\u578b\u5236\u4f5c\/\u5b9a\u5236\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1bABS\u9700\u8981\u6602\u8d35\u6a21\u5177\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u6210\u672c\u5f71\u54cd<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u4e2d\u4f4e\uff08\u5de5\u5177\u6210\u672c\u4f4e\uff0c\u5355\u4f4d\u6210\u672c\u4e2d\u7b49\uff09<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u9ad8\u521d\u59cb\u5de5\u5177\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\u5355\u4f4d\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">ABS\u7684\u6a21\u5177\u5de5\u88c5\u662f\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u8d44\u672c\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\u5355\u4f4d\u6210\u672c\u4e0b\u964d\u3002<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">\u7f8e\u5b66\u9970\u9762<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Application in the Real World: Matching Material to Mission<\/h2>\n<p>Understanding the data is one thing; applying it is another. The &#8220;best&#8221; material disappears when you ask the right question: <strong>&#8220;Best for what?&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Choose MDF Wood If:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Your primary goal is achieving the highest possible acoustic neutrality and bass accuracy for critical listening in a home or studio environment.<\/li>\n<li>You are a DIY enthusiast or a boutique manufacturer building in small batches, where the flexibility of workshop fabrication is key.<\/li>\n<li>The speaker is a permanent fixture in a controlled, indoor environment and you desire a furniture-quality finish (real wood veneer, piano gloss).<\/li>\n<li>You are building a large, high-power subwoofer where cabinet mass and damping are critical to control massive driver forces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Choose ABS Plastic If:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Durability, portability, and moisture resistance are top priorities (e.g., Bluetooth speakers, outdoor speakers, marine audio).<\/li>\n<li>You are a volume manufacturer producing tens of thousands of units, where the economies of scale from injection molding are essential.<\/li>\n<li>The design calls for complex, curved, or seamless shapes that would be prohibitively expensive or weak to fabricate from MDF.<\/li>\n<li>Weight is a major constraint, such as in ceiling-mount installations, automotive doors, or luggage-friendly travel speakers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Cutting Edge:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe landscape isn&#8217;t binary. Innovations are blurring the lines. We now see:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Composite MDF:<\/strong> Boards coated with polymer or acrylic layers for improved moisture resistance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong> Enclosures using carbon fiber or mineral-loaded polypropylene for stiffness and lightness.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629:<\/strong> An internal skeleton of MDF for bracing housed within an ABS shell for durability and finish.<\/li>\n<li><strong>3D-Printed Prototypes &amp; Niche Materials:<\/strong> For ultra-high-end or custom one-offs, materials like HDPE, solid aluminum, or even concrete are explored, though they fall outside mainstream production.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Conclusion: A Harmonious Balance of Priorities<\/h2>\n<p>The debate between ABS plastic and MDF wood for box speakers is a profound illustration of engineering trade-offs. There is no universal winner. MDF remains the sovereign of pure, uncompromised sound reproduction in fixed installations, cherished by audiophiles and professionals for its predictable, inert acoustic behavior. ABS plastic is the champion of the modern, mobile, and durable audio world, enabling robust, lightweight, and creatively shaped products that fit seamlessly into active lifestyles.<\/p>\n<p>Your choice ultimately resonates with your priorities. Is it the last 2% of acoustic purity, or the ability to take your music anywhere without worry? Is it the warm, natural feel of wood, or the sleek, resilient finish of modern polymer? In 2024, with both materials being refined and improved, we as listeners are the true beneficiaries, able to select the perfect instrument for our sonic and practical needs.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Q1: With advancements in internal bracing and damping materials, can a well-designed ABS speaker now match the acoustic performance of a comparable MDF speaker?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0623:<\/strong> It can come remarkably close, especially in smaller enclosures and for mid-range frequencies. High-end ABS designs use extensive internal ribbing, bituminous damping sheets, and even internal sand-filled compartments to add mass and damping. However, for large enclosures and very low frequencies (sub-50Hz), the inherent mass and self-damping of thick MDF still provide a measurable advantage in minimizing resonant coloration. The gap has narrowed, but for ultimate low-distortion performance at high SPLs, MDF retains an edge.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q2: From a sustainability perspective, which material is the &#8220;greener&#8221; choice for speaker enclosures?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0623:<\/strong> This is complex and lifecycle-dependent. <strong>MDF&#8217;s pros:<\/strong> Can be made from fast-growing, managed forests or post-industrial recycled wood waste. It is biodegradable at end-of-life. <strong>MDF&#8217;s cons:<\/strong> Traditional binders may off-gas VOCs; production is energy-intensive. <strong>ABS&#8217;s pros:<\/strong> Highly durable, leading to a potentially longer product lifespan. It is recyclable. <strong>ABS&#8217;s cons:<\/strong> Derived from non-renewable petroleum; recycling infrastructure is not universally effective, and it is not biodegradable. The &#8220;greenest&#8221; choice is often a high-quality, repairable speaker that lasts for decades, regardless of material. Look for manufacturers using low-emission (NAF\/ULEF) MDF or post-consumer recycled ABS.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q3: I see many high-end studio monitors still using MDF. Is this just tradition, or is there a technical reason ABS hasn&#8217;t taken over this segment?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0623:<\/strong> It is overwhelmingly technical. Studio monitors are tools for critical audio judgment. Their primary design goal is absolute sonic accuracy and neutrality. The acoustic damping and mass of MDF provide a predictable, inert foundation that makes the speaker&#8217;s response easier to model and control. Any resonance from the enclosure is an unwanted variable. While ABS could be engineered to be very good, MDF is predictably excellent right out of the gate for this specific, measurement-driven application. The tradition exists because the physics continue to favor it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q4: For a DIY hobbyist building a one-off speaker, why is MDF almost always recommended over ABS?<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0623:<\/strong> The recommendation centers on accessibility and workability. A DIYer with a table saw, router, and clamps can precisely fabricate a complex MDF enclosure in a garage workshop. Working with ABS plastic at this scale typically requires thermoforming or constructing a mold\u2014skills and equipment far beyond standard woodworking. MDF is readily available at hardware stores, easy to glue and finish, and forgiving to modify. For prototyping and custom builds, MDF&#8217;s &#8220;subtractive manufacturing&#8221; workflow is perfectly suited to the DIY process.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: The Foundation of Sound When it comes to building the perfect box speaker, the choice of enclosure material isn&#8217;t just a minor detail\u2014it&#8217;s a fundamental decision that shapes the very soul of your audio experience. In the world of speaker design, the enclosure does far more than simply house the drivers; it actively participates [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9293"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9294,"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9293\/revisions\/9294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9293"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9293"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zehsm.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9293"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}